Editor’s Note
This report details the severe environmental and social consequences of a sapphire mining boom in Madagascar’s protected rainforests. The rush has drawn tens of thousands of miners, causing significant ecological damage and raising urgent questions about governance and intervention.
A “sapphire rush” has brought tens of thousands of people into the remote rainforests of eastern Madagascar, disfiguring a protected environmental area and prompting calls for military intervention.
More high-quality sapphires have been found in the biodiverse area known as Corridor Ankeniheny-Zahamena in the past six months than were found in the entire country over the past 20 years, according to Vincent Pardieu, a French gemologist who has been visiting mines there for more than a decade.
Tens of thousands of miners and gem traders have poured into the rainforests around the village of Bemainty, said local officials. The miners have cut down thousands of acres of forest in the protected area, which environmental group Conservation International helps to manage.
The island nation is renowned for its biodiversity, and the protected forests in the eastern corridor are one of Madagascar’s most precious resources, according to the World Bank. The corridor is home to more than 2,000 plant species found nowhere else on earth, and 14 endangered species of lemur.
With local officials unable to control the situation, Conservation International has called for a military intervention.
The prime minister’s office did not respond to requests for comment.
Madagascar produces about half of the world’s high-end sapphires, according to Michael Arnstein, the president of the Natural Sapphire Company, a US-based gemstone business.
Arnstein, who has been visiting the country for two decades, said about 70% of its sapphire market was controlled by Sri Lankans, who smuggle the gems back to their country to be cut and exported for sale. About $150m worth (£120m) of sapphires might leave Madagascar every year, though the exact figure is impossible to know as the industry is not well regulated, he said.
The latest rush for sapphires began about six months ago, leading Madagascar’s government to hold meetings in November and declare the corridor’s protection a national priority.
Environmentalists hoped the government would send in the army, as it did during a smaller rush in 2012 after gems were first discovered in the area. At the time, the government arrested and deported several Sri Lankan traders.
The gem traders bring labourers from other parts of Madagascar to the corridor, Rajaspera said. The workers carry in food and equipment by hand, trekking at least five hours through the jungle to reach the mining sites, which are inaccessible by car or motorcycle.
As more and more miners entered the area, Conservation International tried to help maintain security by paying police forces, but it said the situation remained out of control. By October, the population at the main mining site was growing by about 1,500 to 2,000 people a day, according to Rosey Perkins, a British gemologist who was there at the time.
People carried rice, chickens and even goats out to the mining sites. The main site “looked quite wild”, Perkins said.
Many residents of the Didy area that includes Bemainty and surrounding villages also want the national government to take action, according to Didy’s mayor, Davidson Radoka. Only a small percentage of locals profit from the mines, he said. Some schools have had staffing issues as teachers have left to try their hand at mining. As demand for goods has increased, the prices of staples such as rice have risen by 50% or more.
Above all, people worry about their safety.
Despite the dangers, aspiring miners keep coming. Two years of drought in many parts of Madagascar have led farmers to seek out alternative sources of income.
Local officials believe the number of miners in the Bemainty area may be as high as 200,000. Officials say they worry that if the mining remains uncontrolled, it could spread. In November, a group of about 500 miners went deeper into the protected area to search for gemstones.